NCTF 135 HA Near West Horsley, Surrey

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Location and Geology

Overview of NCTF 135 HA near West Horsley, Surrey

The NCTF 135 HA near West Horsley, Surrey is situated within a region characterized by complex geology and diverse landforms. The area falls under the geological framework of the Wealden Anticlinorium, a large structural feature that dominates southern England.

The underlying bedrock in this part of Surrey is primarily composed of Cretaceous chalk and Tertiary clay. However, due to tectonic activity and erosion over millions of years, the rock layers have been folded, faulted, and uplifted, resulting in a diverse range of landforms.

One notable geological feature within NCTF 135 HA is the presence of the North Downs chalk scarp, which forms the eastern boundary of the area. This escarpment marks the transition between the chalk deposits of the Wealden Anticlinorium and the underlying clay deposits of the Tertiary period.

West Horsley itself lies on a gentle slope known as a dip-slope, where the bedrock has been eroded to reveal layers of flint and pebble conglomerates. These deposits are indicative of an ancient river system that once flowed through the area during the Cretaceous period.

The geology of NCTF 135 HA near West Horsley also includes numerous areas of sandy and gravelly deposits, which have been deposited by rivers flowing through the area over time. These alluvial deposits are often overlaid with a layer of topsoil, which is rich in organic matter and nutrients.

Throughout this region, there are numerous faults and fracture lines that have been caused by tectonic activity and erosion. These geological features have played an important role in shaping the landscape of NCTF 135 HA near West Horsley over millions of years.

The area’s varied geology supports a diverse range of flora and fauna, with many species being adapted to specific habitats within the region. For example, areas of chalk grassland support a unique community of plants and animals that are dependent on the thin soils and alkaline conditions associated with this habitat type.

* This site is situated in the county of Surrey, approximately 25 miles southwest of central London

The location of NCTF 135 HA near West Horsley, Surrey, is situated in a region with a complex geology and varied landscape. The site itself is positioned on the North Downs, a chalk escarpment that forms part of the larger Wealden Hills.

The geological history of the area dates back to the Cretaceous period, approximately 65-100 million years ago, during which time the region was subject to intense erosion and deposition. The exposed Chalk Group rocks, primarily composed of chalky limestone and flint, are a testament to this era of geological activity.

The North Downs, where NCTF 135 HA is located, have been shaped by the forces of tectonic uplift, weathering, and erosion over millions of years. The area’s distinctive rolling hills and valleys owe their existence to these geological processes.

The underlying bedrock at this site consists mainly of Upper Chalk Formation rocks, which are rich in fossils such as echinoids, bryozoans, and ammonites. These fossils provide valuable information about the region’s ancient marine ecosystem during the Cretaceous period.

Overlying the chalky limestone is a layer of Lower Greensand, a softer, more porous rock that has been heavily eroded in places, resulting in the formation of distinctive gullies and valleys.

The area surrounding NCTF 135 HA exhibits a mix of woodland, grassland, and arable land use, reflecting the local geology and soil conditions. The chalky soils support a range of flora, including wildflowers like the cowslip and wild marjoram, which thrive in this alkaline environment.

The hydrogeological characteristics of the area are influenced by the underlying Chalk Group rocks, which act as an aquifer, storing water that can be accessed through springs or wells. The groundwater is relatively pure and hard, due to its passage through the chalky rock formations.

* The area is characterized by a mix of chalk downs and sand plain geologies

The area surrounding NCTF 135 HA near West Horsley, Surrey, exhibits a diverse geological landscape that reflects its unique blend of chalk downs and sand plain geologies.

**Chalk Downs:**

1. The chalk downs in this region are primarily composed of Upper Chalk Formation rocks, dating back to the Late Cretaceous period (around 65-72 million years ago).
2. The chalk is a type of sedimentary rock formed from the compressed remains of microscopic marine plankton and shell fragments.
3. This area’s chalk downs have been shaped by erosion over millions of years, creating rolling hills and valleys with gentle slopes.

**Sand Plain Geologies:**

1. The sand plain geologies in this region are part of the Bagshot Formation, a group of sedimentary rocks deposited during the Eocene epoch (around 50-34 million years ago).
2. The Bagshot Formation consists primarily of cross-bedded sandstones and conglomerates, which were formed through the erosion and transportation of sand grains by ancient rivers.
3. The sand plain geologies in this area have been influenced by glaciation during the Pleistocene epoch (around 2.5-11,700 years ago), resulting in a landscape characterized by glacial erratics and drumlin-shaped hills.

**Geological Features:**

1. The area surrounding NCTF 135 HA features several notable geological formations, including the Box Hill scarp slope, which is a prominent example of chalk down erosion.
2. The Leith Hill, located to the north of West Horsley, is an outlier of the Bagshot Formation and features a distinctive drumlin-shaped hill.

**Geological Importance:**

1. This area’s unique blend of chalk downs and sand plain geologies provides valuable insights into the geological history of the region.
2. The diverse range of geological formations and processes in this area make it an important location for scientific research and geological fieldwork.

Geological Formation

Composition and Age of Deposits

The geological formation surrounding NCTF 135 HA near West Horsley, Surrey, is primarily composed of the Eocene epoch’s London Clay Formation and the Thanet Sand Formation.

Geologically, this region is part of the Wealden district in southern England, characterized by a complex interplay between marine and terrestrial depositional environments that spanned millions of years.

The NCTF site’s deposits are situated within the London Clay Formation, which dates back to the Ypresian age (approximately 49 million years ago). This formation is primarily composed of glauconitic clay rich in fossil remains, particularly molluscs and small marine organisms.

Geological mapping of this area indicates that it was once part of a vast shallow sea, possibly connected to the ancient Atlantic Ocean. As these marine sediments were deposited over millions of years, they provide valuable information about past climatic conditions and changes in ocean chemistry.

The Thanet Sand Formation, which underlies some areas within the NCTF site, is slightly younger than the London Clay Formation and dates back to the early Eocene epoch. Composed primarily of sand-sized grains and a mix of marine fossils including foraminifera and bivalves, it reflects conditions of deeper water environments during that era.

Understanding the geological formation, composition, and age of deposits in this area is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, these ancient sedimentary rocks offer valuable clues about Earth’s past climate and environmental history. Secondly, studying these formations can aid in identifying potential resources such as minerals or fossil fuels within the region. Finally, accurate knowledge of local geology is also essential for managing land use and development plans to avoid any potential hazards associated with human activities in areas subject to geological instability.

* The NCTF 135 HA site consists primarily of Pleistocene deposits, dating back to the last ice age

The geological formation at NCTF 135 HA near West Horsley, Surrey, consists primarily of Pleistocene deposits, which date back to the last ice age. This period of time spanned from approximately 2.6 million years ago to about 11,700 years ago.

During the Pleistocene epoch, much of Britain was covered by large ice sheets, known as the British and Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) or the Anglian Ice Sheet in some regions. The weight and movement of these massive glaciers carved out valleys, created glacial lakes, and left behind a legacy of glacial deposits.

The NCTF 135 HA site is likely to have been affected by the action of ice sheets during this period. As the glaciers moved, they picked up rocks and sediments from the underlying geology, carrying them away and depositing them in new locations. This process, known as glacial transport, resulted in the formation of moraines – ridges or hills composed of unsorted rock debris.

When the ice sheets melted at the end of the last ice age, the landscape began to change dramatically. Water flowing from melting glaciers and ice sheets carved out valleys and created new river courses. This process, known as fluvial erosion, led to the formation of valleys like those found in Surrey, which are now inhabited by rivers such as the River Mole.

In addition to glacial and fluvial processes, other geological factors may have influenced the development of the NCTF 135 HA site. For example, tectonic activity – movement in the Earth’s crust – could have led to localised faulting or folding of the rocks. However, these secondary processes are likely to have been less significant than glacial and fluvial activities during the formation of the site.

It is worth noting that the geological history of a site like NCTF 135 HA can be complex and influenced by multiple factors. Understanding this history requires a combination of field observations, laboratory analysis, and theoretical knowledge of Earth’s processes.

* Geomorphological features such as scarps and terraces are present due to periglacial activity

The geological formation at NCTF 135 HA near West Horsley, Surrey, reflects a complex history of periglacial activity that has shaped the landscape over thousands of years. Periglacial features such as scarps and terraces are prominent in this area, providing valuable insights into the region’s glacial past.

The formation of these geomorphological features is primarily attributed to the repeated freeze-thaw action that occurred during periods of glaciation and interglaciation. As ice sheets advanced and retreated across the area, the ground surface was subjected to numerous cycles of freezing and thawing, resulting in the formation of distinctive landforms.

Scarps are one of the most striking features at NCTF 135 HA, with some sections displaying steep slopes that are up to several meters high. These scarps have developed as a result of differential erosion, where the more soluble rocks were dissolved and removed more quickly than the less soluble surrounding rocks. The formation of these scarps has created a series of stepped terraces that provide a clear indication of the region’s glacial history.

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The terraces at NCTF 135 HA are thought to have formed as a result of the repeated deposition and erosion of till during periods of glaciation. As the ice sheet retreated, the weight of the overlying ice was reduced, allowing the underlying till to be eroded away in some areas. In other areas, new till deposits were added to existing ones, creating a series of stacked terraces that reflect the complex history of the area.

Other periglacial features at NCTF 135 HA include solifluction lobes, which are small-scale landforms that have developed as a result of the slow movement of soil and regolith under the influence of gravity. These lobes provide valuable information about the local hydrology and vegetation cover during periods of glaciation.

The periglacial features at NCTF 135 HA near West Horsley, Surrey, offer a unique window into the region’s glacial past. The presence of scarps, terraces, and other landforms provides valuable insights into the complex history of the area, which has been shaped by thousands of years of periglacial activity.

Climatic Conditions

Historical Climate Data for the Area

The climate at NCTF 135 HA near West Horsley, Surrey is characterized by a temperate maritime climate with mild winters and warm summers. The area experiences significant rainfall throughout the year, with an average annual precipitation of around 600 mm. This is higher than many parts of the country, but still relatively typical for southern England.

Spring, which begins in March and lasts through May, brings a gradual warming trend after the winter months. Temperatures rise to around 10-15°C (50-59°F) by late spring, with daytime highs often reaching into the mid-teens to early twenties (60s-80s F). This is also the time of year when the first blooms of wildflowers begin to appear in the area.

Summer, which spans from June to August, typically brings warm and sunny weather, with temperatures often reaching the low-twenties to mid-thirties (70s-90s F) during the peak months. However, occasional heatwaves can bring temperatures above 35°C (95°F), especially in July and August.

Autumn, or fall, which runs from September to November, sees a return to milder temperatures, with daytime highs often reaching into the mid-teens to low twenties (50s-60s F). This is also a time of year when the leaves begin to change colors, creating picturesque scenes in the surrounding countryside.

Winter, which begins in December and lasts through February, brings cooler temperatures, with average lows ranging from 2-6°C (36-43°F) during the coldest months. While it’s not uncommon for frost to occur on some winter mornings, snowfall is relatively rare in this part of Surrey, with an average annual snowfall of around 10 days per year.

Historical climate data for NCTF 135 HA near West Horsley, Surrey indicates that temperature and precipitation trends have varied over the years. For example, data from the Met Office shows that the area experienced a mild winter in 1989-1990, with temperatures averaging around 3°C (37°F) throughout January and February.

Meanwhile, the summer of 2006 brought unusually hot weather to the region, with temperatures reaching as high as 35.5°C (96°F) on July 19th. This heatwave was part of a larger-scale European heatwave that affected many parts of Europe that summer.

In terms of precipitation, data from the Met Office indicates that the area experienced significant rainfall in March and April of 2000, with totals exceeding 100 mm (4 inches) on multiple occasions during those months. This was part of a larger-scale pattern of wet weather across southern England at the time.

* The region experiences a temperate oceanic climate with mild winters and cool summers

The NCTF 135 HA near West Horsley, Surrey, experiences a temperate oceanic climate, which is characterized by mild winters and cool summers.

During the winter months, from December to February, the region typically sees moderate temperatures ranging from around 2-7°C (36-45°F), with occasional frost and light rain showers.

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The winters are generally quite wet, with an average annual rainfall of approximately 600 mm (24 in), which contributes to the lush vegetation and green landscapes that surround this area.

Spring, from March to May, is a transitional season, with temperatures gradually warming up to around 12-18°C (54-64°F). The rain showers become less frequent, and the region experiences an increase in daylight hours.

The summers, from June to August, are mild and pleasant, with average high temperatures ranging from 22-25°C (72-77°F). While occasional heatwaves can occur, they are usually short-lived, and the region enjoys a gentle maritime influence that keeps temperatures relatively stable.

Autumn, from September to November, is another transitional season, with temperatures gradually cooling down. The days get shorter, and the rain showers become more frequent, but the overall climate remains mild and pleasant.

The NCTF 135 HA near West Horsley, Surrey, benefits from its proximity to the North Downs, which creates a microclimate that enhances the region’s overall climatic conditions. This unique combination of factors contributes to the area’s lush vegetation, diverse wildlife, and overall temperate oceanic climate.

* Historical climate data from nearby sites suggests a trend of increasing temperature and precipitation over recent centuries

The area surrounding the NCTF 135 HA near West Horsley, Surrey has experienced a notable trend in climatic conditions over recent centuries.

Historical climate data from nearby sites reveals that temperatures have consistently risen over the past few centuries, indicating a warming trend in the region.

This temperature increase is accompanied by an upward trend in precipitation levels, suggesting that the area has been experiencing more frequent and severe weather events.

Projections based on long-term climate data indicate that these trends are likely to continue into the future, with further increases in temperature and precipitation expected over the coming decades.

The changing climatic conditions have significant implications for the region’s ecosystem, including altered species distributions, changes in soil moisture levels, and potential shifts in vegetation patterns.

Understanding these changes is crucial for informed decision-making and effective management of natural resources in the area.

Climate models predict that the increased precipitation will lead to more frequent flooding events, highlighting the need for infrastructure upgrades and flood mitigation measures in the region.

The warmer temperatures are expected to alter the composition of plant species in the area, favoring those that thrive in a warmer climate while potentially leading to a decline in native species that are less adapted to the changing conditions.

Climate projections also suggest an increase in extreme weather events such as heatwaves and droughts, which will have significant impacts on agriculture, water resources, and human health in the area.

The NCTF 135 HA near West Horsley, Surrey is not immune to these changes and it’s essential for local stakeholders to be aware of the projected climatic trends and their potential consequences.